Origin of disparities
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/natalielovesey/marg-comm-talk-lovesey
Disparities resulting from ethnicity
Ethnicity/Religion: Some ethnic or religious groups can become marginalised and struggle to escape from poverty. This might be because the political leaders are from a certain ethnic group or tribe and they favour people from that group. Alternatively it might be immigrant groups are discriminated against and only be able to work in the informal economy or be exploited.
Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Origin+of+disparities
Case study: Polish and Lithuanian workers in the UK (from BBC)
Migrant workers 'being exploited'
Migrant agricultural workers
The TUC claims that migrant workers are being systematically exploited
Thousands of Polish and Lithuanian workers are being exploited in the UK, according to a report from the TUC.
Of 508 workers surveyed, more than a quarter had had problems with payment, including not being paid for hours worked and unauthorised deductions.
Nearly one third of them lived in accommodation rented from their employers, which the TUC says increases firms' control over migrant workers.
Surveys were sent to people who had asked for leaflets about their rights.
"This study reveals systematic abuse of migrant workers, which is tantamount to modern day slavery," said TUC General Secretary Brendan Barber.
Since 10 new states joined the European Union in 2004, more than 475,000 Polish and Lithuanian workers have come to work in the UK.
Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6977500.stm
Disparities resulting from residence
Residence: Where you live can be very important in determining your wealth. This might mean your residence of birth e.g. Japan or Afghanistan. If your are born in Japan you are much more likely to be free from conflict, receive an education, enjoy a good diet, have a roof over your house, get a job and live comfortably. However, it might also mean your personal residence (your house). If you live in a solid house that protects you from the weather and if you have a water and electricity supply then you are more likely to remain fit and healthy, be able to work and be relatively well-off. However, if you live in an informal settlement e.g. a favela in Rio, then you are unlikely to have a reliable electricity supply, or running water, or an inside toilet with sewers, or rubbish collections, or a secure structure or even legal ownership of the land or house. Therefore, you are more likely to suffer from ill health, be affected by natural disasters and risk eviction at anytime. If this is the case you are more unlikely to be able to work, be able to secure loans and increase your wealth.
Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Origin+of+disparities
Source: http://www.nossasaopaulo.org.br/tags/mapa-da-desigualdade
Disparities resulting from parental education
Parental education: If your parents are educated it is more likely to mean that they have a good job and can afford all of life's needs (housing, food, etc.). If your parents are employed it is also more likely that they can afford to send you to school giving you a head start in life.
Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Origin+of+disparities
Source: http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_660.html
Disparities resulting from income
Income: If a country or individual already has a good income or wealth it is easier to generate more wealth. Individuals can not only ensure that they have a good residence and a healthy diet, they can also borrow money more easily to invest. Some organisations like the Grammen Bank in Bangladesh are trying to improve micro-credit for poor people so that they can start investing in their businesses and growing their wealth - although not everyone agrees it is the best solution (see article below).
Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Origin+of+disparities
Disparities resulting from employment
Employment: If a country has high unemployment and or high underemployment then the country is more likely to suffer from poverty. Also if a country has a large informal economy it might suffer from poverty because workers are exploited and don't receive any benefits if they are hurt and unable to work.
Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Origin+of+disparities
Source: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lmac/underemployed-workers-in-the-uk/2012/sty-underemployed-workers-in-the-uk.html
Disparities resulting from land ownership
Land ownership (tenure): Private ownership of land is an important factor in allowing people to grow food and generate income. If you have land you can at a minimum live a subsistence lifestyle, but more likely be able to sell surpluses or secure a loan against the value of land. Sometimes females may struggle to avoid poverty because they are unable to inherit or own land.
Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Origin+of+disparities
Source: http://anajuliacarepa13.blogspot.com.br/2013_05_01_archive.html
Disparities in China
Source: http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/mapping-chinas-income-inequality/279637/
Follow link below for more input on disparities in China:
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