4. Patterns in resource consumption - Changing patterns of energy consumption

Changing patterns of energy consumption 

Global patterns and trends in the production of oil 

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production#/media/File:Countries_by_Oil_Production_in_2013.svg

Top oil-producing countries, million bbl/day

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production#/media/File:Top_Oil_Producing_Counties.png

Global patterns and trends in the consumption of oil 

A map of world oil consumption in barrels a day per capita, 2007.    > 0.07   0.07 - 0.05   0.05 - 0.035   0.035 - 0.025   0.025 - 0.02   0.02 - 0.015   0.015 - 0.01   0.01 - 0.005   0.005 - 0.0015    < 0.0015

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption#/media/File:OilConsumptionpercapita.png

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption#/media/File:World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption#/media/File:EIA_petroleum_consumption_of_selected_nations_1960-2008.png

Peak Oil

Source: http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/peak-oil-in-2012-saudi-arabias-oil-overestimated-by-40-wikileaks-reveals.html

Source: http://peakoiltas.org/category/about/basics/

Source: http://peakoilbarrel.com/what-is-peak-oil/

Geopolitical impacts of the changing patterns and trends in oil production and consumption

International relations: If your country depends on foreign imports of oil, it is very important that you are able to maintain good relations. This is not always possible as highlighted by the relationship between the US and Venezuela.

Emissions quotas: International agreements like Kyoto are setting greenhouse gas emission quotas. Individual regions like the EU and the UK are also setting targets. With targets to meet more countries are looking to invest in alternatives (renewable energy that pollutes less).

Carbon tax: If carbon taxes are introduced it will greatly increase the value of oil products, making alternatives relatively cheaper and more attractive.

NGO pressure: NGOs are becoming increasingly vocal in their fight against fossil fuels and promotion of greener alternatives. As more consumers listen to NGOs, governments and energy companies are likely to find alternatives.

Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Changing+patterns+of+energy+consumption

 Environmental impacts of the changing patterns and trends in oil production and consumption

Greenhouse effect and global warming: Fossil fuels are all major contributors to the greenhouse effect. To try and reduce the effects of global warming, many countries are trying to reduce their dependency on oil.

Oil spills: When large quantities of oil are transported by sea or pipeline, there is always the risk of accidents. The Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 is one of the most tragic examples of the short and long-term damage an oil spill can cause. The more recent BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is a more recent example.

Damaged caused by extraction: The recent BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is just one example of how extraction can lead to environmental damage. The Niger delta in Nigeria has also seen large-scale environmental damage caused by extraction.

Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Changing+patterns+of+energy+consumption

The changing importance of other energy sources

Solar power

Even yearly energy potential from sunshine dwarfs total energy potential from any other source.

The annual energy potential from solar energy is 23,000 TWy. Energy potential from total recoverable reserves of coal is 900 TWy. For petroleum, it’s 240 TWy; and for natural gas, it’s 215 TWy. Wind energy’s yearly energy potential is 25–70 TWy.

 Approximately 66% of installed world solar PV power capacity has been installed in the past 2½ years.

Furthermore, total installed capacity is projected to double in the coming 2½ years.

Global solar PV power capacity grew from about 2.2 GW in 2002 to 100 GW in 2012.

From 2007 to 2012, it grew 10 times over, from 10 GW to 100 GW.

Germany accounted for nearly one third of global solar PV capacity at the end of 2012.

Italy (16%) and Germany (32%) combined accounted for nearly half of global solar PV capacity.

The price of solar PV panels dropped about 100 times over from 1977 to 2012.

Since 2008, the price of solar PV panels has dropped about 80%.

Source: http://www.abb-conversations.com/2013/12/7-impressive-solar-energy-facts-charts/

TYPE AND DEFINITION	ADVANTAGES	DISADVANTAGES
SOLAR:Using the power of the sun to either heat water or generate electricity. Solar power cells convert sunlight into electricity, using the energy of speeding photons to create an electrical current within a solar panel.	It is a clean form of energy It is a infinite resource Panels can be used locally e.g. on top of someones house It can be used to heat water and generate electricity.	It is expensive to make solar panels The sun does not shine all the time They can't be used at night It is hard store surplus energy Supply does not always equal demand

Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Changing+patterns+of+energy+consumption

Wind power

Source: http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/top-wind-power-countries-in-the-world-per-capita-72534

Data from 2012.

Source: http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/top-wind-power-countries-in-the-world-per-capita-72534

Data from 2012.

Follow the link below for the Global wind report annual market update:

http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Annual_report_2012_LowRes.pdf

WIND: Using the wind to move a wind turbine to drive a generator and create electricity.

It is a clean form of energy It is an infinite resource It can be used on a local scale e.g. in your back garden Technology is proven

Visual pollution (NIMBY - see below) Noise pollution Wind is unreliable It is hard to store surplus energy

Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Changing+patterns+of+energy+consumption

Tidal power

Estimate of global potential tidal resources

Source: http://tidalenergytoday.com/2015/02/17/estimate-of-global-potential-tidal-resources/

Tidal giants - the world’s five biggest tidal power plants

TIDAL: Using the motion of incoming and outgoing tide to create energy

It is a clean form of energy It is an infinite resource, tides happen twice a day. Ideal for island countries.

It can block important shipping routes May interfere with some animals e.g. sea otters and seals Limited number of sites Useless for landlocked countries High start up costs may be damaged by tropical storms

Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Changing+patterns+of+energy+consumption

Nuclear

Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/introduction/what-is-uranium-how-does-it-work.aspx

Source: http://worldknowing.com/top-10-largest-nuclear-power-producing-countries-in-the-world/

Source: http://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-the-worlds-top-countries-for-nuclear-power

Source: https://www.thinglink.com/scene/633481652298842114

Hydroelectric power

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/RyanTriadhitama/ryan-triadhitama-hydro-present-r01

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#/media/File:Top_5_Hydropower-Producing_Countries.png

HEP (Hydroelectric power): Using the power of falling water in rivers to drive generators. At the moment dams have to be built to create HEP power.

It is a clean form of energy It is finite as long as rivers are managed properly. The built dam can also prevent flooding. The reservoir behind the dam can be a store of water.

Only a limited number of suitable rivers Can hamper navigation up and down river Reservoirs may force resettlement

Source: http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Changing+patterns+of+energy+consumption